Review and Experimental Long Range Forecast for SW England. October 2019.

Published 16 October  2019.

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1. Influences.

Changes in sea temperature.

North Atlantic and North Pacific sea temperature anomalies continue to show above average values although the area between Newfoundland and Ireland shows some well mixed areas. The tropical north Atlantic is forecast to remain warmer than average through to at least Spring 2020 (See Met Office graphic below).

In the Pacific neutral or weak El-Nino conditions continue and forecasts suggest conditions are likely to remain similar through to Spring 2020 – see CFSv2 and NMME multi model ensemble forecast below.

The North Atlantic Oscillation index (shown by a 500hPa index in the image below) has recently been in a negative phase but is forecast to turn slightly positive within a week or two. A positive phase, if maintained, implies a milder wetter winter 2019/2020.

NAO background information see the Met Office NAO information.

Recent Climatology

October to date has been wetter than average with only on or two days with no measurable rain and in some places rain every day. Temperature though continue above average.

Temperature and rainfall anomalies for July to September are shown below. Please note you can view the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary here.

Europe anomalies over the last 12 months (September 2018-2019 Copernicus data).

Global temperature anomaly over the last 12 months (2018-2019 Copernicus data).

 

River flows and groundwater in August reflect wetter month but for parts of the E/SE of England drier types have left significantly low river flows and groundwater values. Soil moisture deficit is extensive across much of England and Wales . Details can be found in the Septem 2019 Hydrological summary PDF 

The reservoir levels in the SW of England (13th October) show 66% storage which was above normal levels for the time of year.

Looking ahead (October to January) the experimental product from the Global Flood Awareness System (Version 2) suggests reduced flood risk for the SW over the next few months although local flash flooding would not be included in this. This seems at odds with the seasonal forecast output (shown later) which suggests increased rainfall.

Atmosphere: Predictions.

A:  1: Stratosphere

North Polar vortex forming in the Stratosphere which is moving into winter mode as shown by the ECMWF 50hPa chart for 1200UTC 15th October 2019.

A: 2: Upper Troposphere

NCAR and CFSv2 200hPa averaged monthly mean forecast height (contours) and anomaly (lower row) for the period November 2019 to February 2020, based on October data, shows above normal heights throughout but with hints at stronger than average Atlantic jet in December and possible February 2020.

B: Lower Troposphere:

A selection of November 2019 to January 2020 solutions in low resolution from WMO using October data are shown below. Three month season and individual months, top row temperature anomaly and lower row precipitation anomaly.

White areas are area where the probabilities of below/normal/above are similar hence there is no overall signal for this period from the WMO super ensemble which includes UKMO, DWD, CMC, BoM, Seoul, Washington, ECMWF, Toulouse, Brazil.

WMO super ensemble

UKMO

BoM one of the few colder solutions

ECMWF

the complete set of graphics is available at weather-info site.

Graphics For the winter period December 2019 to February 2020

NMME 8th October WINTER

NASA Winter

ECMWF winter

CFS2 (E3 data) 8th October. Winter.

For SW England there is a strong consensus for above normal temperatures and for above normal precipitation.

C: Recent results for (July to September 2019):

Temperature forecast for above normal for the season were good although some output may be a little warm. Many precipitation forecasts were poor but the overall trend  to wetter types was suggested although the month to month detail was poor.

Comparison graphics can be seen at the verification page for July August September 2019

2. Forecast. SW England.

Remainder of Autumn 2019  (November)

November is likely to see above normal temperatures and normal or above normak rainfall.

November climate: 1981 to 2010 average mean temperature 8 or 9C°C.  Average 1981 to 2010 rain 60 to 100mm East of the moors, 100-200mm west of the moors but over 250mm over the moors. 

Winter  (2019 December 2020 January February) 

The indication for a milder than average winter remains the main signal although hints at December being nearer normal with the largest anomalies compared to the average being later in the winter.  Precipitation is likely to be above average with no clear indication for any specifically drier month. Below average snowfall is more likely than above average. Possibly increased number of gales.

Winter Climate: 1981-2010 average temperature values for lowland areas 7°C in the West and 5°C in the East. Rainfall; Dec and Jan typically wetter than February. 1981-2010 Autumn average 300-400 mm lowlands but 200-300 mm areas to E of Dartmoor. Snow climatology less than 5 days lying snow over lowland areas 5 to 10 hills, say hills around 200 metre elevation – one in three years have no lying snow.

Spring 2020  (March April May) limited data

Above average temperature for the season but May could be a less mild month. Precipitation uncertain  but probably near or above average though some hints that March could be drier.

Spring climate: 1981-2010 average mean temperature 9 or 10°C but a few degrees cooler over the moors. Roughly Mar 7 or 8°C Apr 8 or 9°C  May 11 or 12°C. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 200 to 300mm lowest values in E Devon and over parts of Somerset.

Summer 2020  (June July August)  very limted data

A warmer and possibly drier than average summer is possible.

Summer climate: 1981 to 2010 average daily mean temperature 14 or 15°C in many areas to 16 or 17°C in main urban areas also locally east of the moors and more widely in Somerset. Maximum temperatures average 19 to over 21°C in similar areas. July often warmer than August. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300mm over the moors, typically 200 to 250mm in many coastal and eastern areas. June often drier than July and July drier than August.

3. Caution.

Experimental Long Range Forecasts do not have a good success rate. The data used for the above forecast summary can be seen at  here.

The attempt at a Regional Forecast for SW England aims to test whether such a forecast of temperature and rainfall variation from average can be made using numerical model data available on the internet. The forecast should not be used for any other purpose. A brief verification summary for the UK and Eire is routinely published at http://www.weather-info.co.uk/wxsvc/Verification.html or Click here for the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary

4. References.

SST anomaly NOAA Remote Sens. 2014, 6(11), 11579-11606; doi:10.3390/rs61111579

IRI statistics: Mason, S.J. and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.

UK climate details see: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/

NMME information:   http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1

CFS2  info

GLOFAS Acknowledgement: Data were provided by the Global Flood Awareness System – GloFAS (http://www.globalfloods.eu/) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Reference: Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.

‘Copernicus Products’  as listed in the C3S or CAMS Service Product Specification or any other items available through an ECMWF Copernicus  http://climate.copernicus.eu

International seasonal monthly data from WMO

Stratospheric Diagnostics from Japan Met Agency and Free University Berlin

Climate data from The Met Office UK and NCEP USA

 

 

Review and Experimental Long Range Forecast for SW England. September 2019.

Published 18 September 2019.

GDPR statement: Please note that the author of this blog does not set cookies but the host “wordpress.com” sets multiple cookies which are outside of the authors control. You can view their cookie policy here. 

1. Influences.

Changes in sea temperature.

Except for a cooler area around Spain and to the north of Scotland the Atlantic continued to warm above the long term average. Cooler water can be seen near ther Bahamas following recent tropical storms. In general the tropical area is forecast to remain slightly above average through to Spring 2020.

In the Pacific neutral or weak El-Nino conditions have become establish and are likely to remain through the remainder of Autumn, into Winter and spring  – see CFSv2 and NMME multi model ensemble forecast below.

The North Atlantic Oscillation index (shown by a 500hPa index in the image below) has recently been in a positive phase and the recent dip is forecast to be short lived with a return to a positive phase withing a week or so. A positive phase, if maintained implies a milder wetter winter 2019/2020.

NAO background information see the Met Office NAO information.

Recent Climatology

September, so far (18th), has been about half a degree warmer than average with near or slightly above average sunshine and 30 to 45% of monthly rainfall.

Temperature and rainfall anomalies for Spring and Summer are shown below.

River flows and groundwater in August reflect wetter month but for parts of the E/SE of England drier types have left significantly low river flows and groundwater values. Soil moisture deficit is extensive across much of England and Wales . Details can be found in the August 2019 Hydrological summary PDF 

The reservoir levels in the SW of England (9th September) show 60% storage which is close to or slightly above normal levels.

Looking ahead (September to December) the experimental product from the Global Flood Awareness System (Version 2) suggests reduced flood risk for the SW over the next few months although local flash flooding would not be included in this.

Atmosphere: Predictions.

A:  1: Stratosphere

Stratosphere is in summer mode as shown by the ECMWF 50hPa chart for 1200UTC 17th September 2019.

In the Antarctic region there has been a sudden stratospheric warming resulting in an early demise of the ozone hole leading to a record short lived ozone hole. The graphic below slows the extent of the ozone hole on the 16th September 2019  with associated 50hPa temperature and contour heights. The ozone being well above normal

A: 2: Upper Troposphere

CFSv2 200hPa monthly mean forecast height (contours) and anomaly (lower row) for the period October 2019 to February 2020, based on September data, shows above normal heights throughout the Autumn and Winter but with hints at stronger than average Atlantic jet in December and possible January 2020.

B: Lower Troposphere:

A selection of October to December 2019 solutions in low resolution from WMO using September data are shown below. Three month season and individual months, top row temperature anomaly and lower row precipitation anomaly.

White areas are area where the probabilities of below/normal/above are similar hence there is no overall signal for this period from the WMO super ensemble which includes DWD, BoM, Seoul, CPTEC Brazil, UKMO, Washington, Pretoria, Tokyo, ECMWF, CMC and Toulouse seasonal models.  DWD and Beijing are missing.

WMO super ensemble

UKMO

Washington CFS2

BoM Australia

The complete set of graphics is available at weather-info site.

Graphics For the winter period December 2019 to February 2020

NMME DJF

CFS2 DJF

NASA DJF

For SW England there is good agreement for above normal temperatures and for normal or above normal precipitation. However precipitation forecasts are often misleading and a shift northwards of the wetter zone as in ECMWF may lead to lower rainfall values.

C: Recent results for (June to August 2019):

Temperature forecast for above normal for the season were good although some output may be a little warm. Many precipitation forecasts were poor but a trend to wetter types was suggested although the month to month detail was poor.

Comparison graphics can be seen at the verification page for June July August 2019

2. Forecast. SW England.

Remainder of Autumn 2019  (October November)

Overall the season is likely to see above normal temperatures with each month probably having above average values.

Rainfall forecasts slightly favour above normal rainfall for the season, perhaps with a less wet October then a wetter November but this is not clear.

Autumn climate: 1981 to 2010 average mean temperature 11 or 12°C but nearer 10°C in rural areas. Maximum temperatures average 14 to 16°C. November normally colder than October. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300 to 400mm, 600 to 800mm over the moors but east of the moors and in lowland Somerset more like 200 to 300mm. 

Winter  (2019 December 2020 January February)  limited data

The indication for a milder than average winter remains the main signal although February may see closer to normal values with December having the largest anomalies compared to the average.  Precipitation is likely to be above average especially in December, and possibly parts of January, although February may see nearer normal. Below average snowfall is more likely than above average.

Winter Climate: 1981-2010 average temperature values for lowland areas 7°C in the West and 5°C in the East. Rainfall; Dec and Jan typically wetter than February. 1981-2010 Autumn average 300-400 mm lowlands but 200-300 mm areas to E of Dartmoor. Snow climatology less than 5 days lying snow over lowland areas 5 to 10 hills, say hills around 200 metre elevation – one in three years have no lying snow.

Spring 2020  (March April May) very limited data

Above average temperature for the season but May could be a less mild month. Precipitation uncertain  but possible near average although Pparts of April or May could be drier.

Spring climate: 1981-2010 average mean temperature 9 or 10°C but a few degrees cooler over the moors. Roughly Mar 7 or 8°C Apr 8 or 9°C  May 11 or 12°C. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 200 to 300mm lowest values in E Devon and over parts of Somerset.

3. Caution.

Experimental Long Range Forecasts do not have a good success rate. The data used for the above forecast summary can be seen at  here.

The attempt at a Regional Forecast for SW England aims to test whether such a forecast of temperature and rainfall variation from average can be made using numerical model data available on the internet. The forecast should not be used for any other purpose. A brief verification summary for the UK and Eire is routinely published at http://www.weather-info.co.uk/wxsvc/Verification.html or Click here for the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary

4. References.

SST anomaly NOAA Remote Sens. 2014, 6(11), 11579-11606; doi:10.3390/rs61111579

IRI statistics: Mason, S.J. and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.

UK climate details see: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/

NMME information:   http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1

CFS2  info

GLOFAS Acknowledgement: Data were provided by the Global Flood Awareness System – GloFAS (http://www.globalfloods.eu/) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Reference: Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.

‘Copernicus Products’  as listed in the C3S or CAMS Service Product Specification or any other items available through an ECMWF Copernicus  http://climate.copernicus.eu

International seasonal monthly data from WMO

Stratospheric Diagnostics from Japan Met Agency and Free University Berlin

Climate data from The Met Office UK and NCEP USA

Review and Experimental Long Range Forecast for SW England. August 2019.

Published 23 August 2019.

GDPR statement: Please note that the author of this blog does not set cookies but the host “wordpress.com” sets multiple cookies which are outside of the authors control. You can view their cookie policy here. 

1. Influences.

Changes in sea temperature.

Except for an area between 10 and 40 degrees West, just south of 50 deg North the Atlantic continues to warm above the long term average and the tropical area is forecast to remain slightly above average through the turn of the year into 2020.

In the Pacific weak or neutral El-Nino conditions have become establish and are likely to remain similar through the Autumn and Winter period – see CFSv2 and NMME multi model ensemble forecast below.  The latest forecast from Tropical Storm Risk (University College London) along with NCEP have slightly increased the number of expected Atlantic tropical storms for the remainder of the period.

The North Atlantic Oscillation index (shown by a 500hPa index in the image below) has been in a negative phase for much of the period since April 2019. This translates for the summer period to a colder/wetter phase for the UK as indicated by the wet June. Recent NAO forecasts have moved to a positive phase and are forecast to remain positive at least in the short term suggesting drier and warmer types are more likely but if a positive phase was maintained it would lean towards a milder wetter winter?

NAO background information see the Met Office NAO information.

Recent Climatology

August so far (23rd) has been wetter than average, slightly warmer but with less sunshine –  leading to a warmer than average summer. The temperature and rainfall anomalies from Spring onward are shown below.

The picture for rainfall is more mixed but many places will probably end up with above average rain for the the summer season. A few parts of the SW may be close to average depending on the rain total in August –  see the June + July anomalies below.

River flows and groundwater in July reflect that drier month. More details can be found in the July 2019 Hydrological summary PDF 

The reservoir levels in the SW of England (18th August) show 65% storage which is close to or slightly above normal August level.

Looking ahead (Aug to Nov) the experimental product from the Global Flood Awareness System (Version 2) suggests reduced flood risk for the SW over the next few months although local flash flooding would not be included in this.

Atmosphere: Predictions.

A:  1: Stratosphere

Stratosphere is in summer mode as shown by the ECMWF 50hPa chart for 1200UTC 22nd August 2019.

A: 2: Upper Troposphere

CFSv2 200hPa monthly mean forecast height (contours) and anomaly (lower row) for the period September to November 2019, based on 8th August data, show above normal heights throughout the Autumn but with hints at strong Atlantic jet (on average) developing for November.

B: Lower Troposphere:

A selection of September to November 2019 solutions in low resolution from WMO using August data. Three month season and individual months. Top row temperature anomaly and mid row precipitation anomaly.

White areas are area where the probabilities of below/normal/above are similar hence there is no overall signal for this period from the WMO super ensemble which includes DWD, BoM, Seoul, CPTEC Brazil, UKMO, Washington, Pretoria, Tokyo, ECMWF,  and Toulouse seasonal models. Moscow, Beijing and CMC missing.

Some examples from individual centres are shown below. Full list can be seen at the seasonal forecast page.

Data from NASA

UKMO

ECMWF

JAPAN

NMME Autumn 2019

NMME Winter 2019/20

For SW England, data from  Japan Canada and Germany suggest near normal temperatures but all other models suggest above normal temperatures this Autumn but rainfall forecast are much more varied.

C: Recent results for (May to July 2019):

Temperature forecast for a warming trend to above normal for the season were good although some output may be a little warm. Many precipitation forecasts were poor but a trend to wetter types was suggested although not specifically the much wetter June.

Comparison graphics can be seen at the verification page for May June July 2019

2. Forecast. SW England.

Autumn 2019  (September October November)

Overall the season is likely to see above normal temperatures, again hints at being slightly above normal in September then much milder later in Autumn.

Rainfall forecasts slightly favour above normal rainfall for the season, perhaps with a less wet start in September and a wetter end of Autumn but this is not clear. Some linger drier periods are suggested but no agreement as to when (may straddle a month and be missed by monthly anomalies)

Autumn climate: 1981 to 2010 average mean temperature 11 or 12°C but nearer 10°C in rural areas. Maximum temperatures average 14 to 16°C. November normally colder than October which is colder than September. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300 to 400mm, 600 to 800mm over the moors but east of the moors and in lowland Somerset more like 200 to 300mm. September often drier than October or November.

Winter  (2019 December 2020 January February)  limited data

The indication for a milder than average winter remains the main signal. Precipitation is likely to be near or above average although there are hints that parts of the S and E parts of the S and E of the region may have normal or below average values. Below average snowfall is more likely than above average.

Winter Climate: 1981-2010 average temperature values for lowland areas 7°C in the West and 5°C in the East. Rainfall; Dec and Jan typically wetter than February. 1981-2010 Autumn average 300-400 mm lowlands but 200-300 mm areas to E of Dartmoor. Snow climatology less than 5 days lying snow over lowland areas 5 to 10 hills, say hills around 200 metre elevation – one in three years have no lying snow.

Spring 2020  (March April May) very limited data

Above average temperature for the season but May could be a colder month. Precipitation near average or below but May could be wetter than average,

Spring climate: 1981-2010 average mean temperature 9 or 10°C but a few degrees cooler over the moors. Roughly Mar 7 or 8°C Apr 8 or 9°C  May 11 or 12°C. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 200 to 300mm lowest values in E Devon and over parts of Somerset.

 

3. Caution.

Experimental Long Range Forecasts do not have a good success rate. The data used for the above forecast summary can be seen at  here.

The attempt at a Regional Forecast for SW England aims to test whether such a forecast of temperature and rainfall variation from average can be made using numerical model data available on the internet. The forecast should not be used for any other purpose. A brief verification summary for the UK and Eire is routinely published at http://www.weather-info.co.uk/wxsvc/Verification.html or Click here for the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary

4. References.

SST anomaly NOAA Remote Sens. 2014, 6(11), 11579-11606; doi:10.3390/rs61111579

IRI statistics: Mason, S.J. and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.

UK climate details see: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/

NMME information:   http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1

CFS2  info

GLOFAS Acknowledgement: Data were provided by the Global Flood Awareness System – GloFAS (http://www.globalfloods.eu/) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Reference: Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.

‘Copernicus Products’  as listed in the C3S or CAMS Service Product Specification or any other items available through an ECMWF Copernicus  http://climate.copernicus.eu

International seasonal monthly data from WMO

Stratospheric Diagnostics from Japan Met Agency and Free University Berlin

Climate data from The Met Office UK and NCEP USA

Review and Experimental Long Range Forecast for SW England. July 2019.

Published 19 July 2019.

GDPR statement: Please note that the author of this blog does not set cookies but the host “wordpress.com” sets multiple cookies which are outside of the authors control. You can view their cookie policy here. 

1. Influences.

Changes in sea temperature.

Due to the recent settled and at times very warm weather, sea temperatures around the UK (and in the Mediterranean) have strongly recovered being above normal in the latest data. Sea temperatures around Greenland and Alaska are notably above average.

Tropical Atlantic has continued to warm and is forecast to remain slightly warmer than average – see Met Office graphic below:

In the Pacific weak El-Nino conditions have become weak and may now become neutral or even slightly La Nina this Autumn – see CFSv2 and NMME multi model ensemble forecast below. This may impact on the number of Atlantic tropical storms which are reduced during El Nino years. The latest forecast from Tropical Storm Risk (University College London) call for near normal numbers of Atlantic storms but stress the uncertainty with regards El Nino changes.

The North Atlantic Oscillation index (shown by a 500hPa index in the image below) has been in a negative phase since later April 2019 which for the summer period translates to a colder/wetter phase for the UK and June reflected the wetter type in many areas but with temperatures near normal or slightly above. In July this has also been the case in Scotland but not further south. Recent NAO forecasts suggest a (possibly temporary) change to a positive state with drier and warmer types more likely.

NAO background information see the Met Office NAO information.

Recent Climatology

Despite a colder first half of June the warmer period at the end of the month led to near normal mean temperatures for most parts of the SW. Up until the 18th of July it has been dry with only about 1% of typical July rainfall. Data from the main SYNOP station show above average sunshine but a mean temperature of 17 Celsius which is near average, despite some very warm days. Probably parts of the SW have had warmer than average values once all the data is available early in August.

Met Office mean temperature anomalies Autumn 2018, Winter, Spring and June 2019

Met Office rainfall anomalies Autumn 2018, Winter, Spring and June 2019

Because of the June rainfall 12 month totals to end of June are close to average although but temperature is above average as shown by the Copernicus graphic below.

River flows in June reflect the wet month although annualised rates are below average more details including ground water can be found  in the  June 2019 Hydrological summary PDF 

Soil moisture content was still below normal over parts of the SW at the end of June and the dry first half of July is not likely to have helped.

The reservoir levels in the SW of England (14th July) show 73% storage which is slightly close to a normal July level.

Looking ahead the experimental product from the Global Flood Awareness System (Version 2) suggests reduced flood risk for the SW over the next few months although local flash flooding would not be included in this.

Atmosphere: Predictions.

A:  1: Stratosphere

Stratosphere is in summer mode as shown by the ECMWF 50hPa chart for 1200UTC 18th July 2019.

A: 2: Upper Troposphere

CFSv2 200hPa monthly mean forecast height (contours) and anomaly (lower row) for the period August to November 2019 based on 7th July show above normal heights throughout and it is not until February that some below normal heights are indicated over the north of Scotland.

CFS2 200hPa mean and anomaly August to November

CFS2 200hPa mean and anomaly December 2019 to February 2020

B: Lower Troposphere:

A selection of August to October 2019 solutions in low resolution from WMO using July data. Three month season and individual months. Top row temperature anomaly and mid row precipitation anomaly.

White areas are area where the probabilities of below/normal/above are similar hence there is no overall signal for this period from the WMO super ensemble which includes DWD, CMC, BoM, Moscow, Seoul, (CPTEC missing data), UKMO, Washington, Pretoria, Tokyo, ECMWF, Beijing and Toulouse seasonal models.

WMO super ensemble August to October

The super ensemble has an indication for above normal temperature but no agreement in the precipitation detail.

Some examples from individual centres are shown below. Full list can be seen at the seasonal forecast page.

UKMO ensemble August to October

Washington NCEP WMO ensemble August to October

NMME multi model ensemble August to November

NMME multi model ensemble December 2019 to February 2020

There are a few models that suggest colder and wetter periods in the August to October period but not the majority.

A summary for SW England from all the models for August to October looks roughly:
Temperature: 70% above normal, 20% normal 0% below normal and 10% no signal.
Rainfall:  15% above normal, 30% normal, 20% below normal and 35% no signal.

No signal = similar probs for above/normal/below

Additional model graphics can be seen at the seasonal forecast summary

C: Recent results for (April to June 2019):

Some good pointers to temperature anomaly and cooler signal in some models but the overall above average forecast for the season was correct. Some good indications from some models for a wetter June in England and in May for Scotland but idea of drier end to season was not correct, although the very end of June was dry and warm.

Most precipitation forecasts were poor.

Comparison graphics can be seen at the verification page for April May June 2019

2. Forecast. SW England.

Remainder of Summer 2019  (August) 

August is likely to see near or above normal temperature. There are slightly more solutions in favour of a drier than average month than those for a wetter one but thunderstorm rain rates could lead to some very wet days in a few places.

Higher temperatures may lead to shorter periods of heavier rain but fewer wet days which has been a pattern in recent years.

August climate: 1981 to 2010 average daily mean temperature 16 or 17°C in many areas, a little cooler over the N coastal areas of Devon and Cornwall  to 16 or 17°C  and a few degrees cooler over the moor. Locally over 17C in parts of Somerset.  Average rain in August typically 60 to 80mm, but 40 to 60mm in places especially East of the moors and in Somerset. Locally over 100mm across the moors.

Autumn 2019  (September October November) limited data. 

Overall the season is likely to see above normal temperatures, possibly nearer normal in September and much milder later in Autumn.

Rainfall is likely to be below normal for the season, especially in the S and E of the region perhaps nearer normal elsewhere. Little agreement as to which month could be wetter but some hints that it could be October.

Autumn climate: 1981 to 2010 average mean temperature 11 or 12°C but nearer 10°C in rural areas. Maximum temperatures average 14 to 16°C. November normally colder than October which is colder than September. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300 to 400mm, 600 to 800mm over the moors but east of the moors and in lowland Somerset more like 200 to 300mm. September often drier than October or November.

Winter 2019  (December January February) limited data. 

The indication for a milder than average winter remains the main signal. Rainfall is likely to be above average although there are hints that December and / or February may be less wet in parts of the S and E of the region. Below average snowfall more likely than above average.

Winter Climate: 1981-2010 average temperature values for lowland areas 7°C in the West and 5°C in the East. Rainfall; Dec and Jan typically wetter than February. 1981-2010 Autumn average 300-400 mm lowlands but 200-300 mm areas to E of Dartmoor. Snow climatology less than 5 days lying snow over lowland areas 5 to 10 hills, say hills around 200 metre elevation – one in three years have no lying snow.

3. Caution.

Experimental Long Range Forecasts do not have a good success rate. The data used for the above forecast summary can be seen at  here.

The attempt at a Regional Forecast for SW England aims to test whether such a forecast of temperature and rainfall variation from average can be made using numerical model data available on the internet. The forecast should not be used for any other purpose. A brief verification summary for the UK and Eire is routinely published at http://www.weather-info.co.uk/wxsvc/Verification.html or Click here for the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary

4. References.

SST anomaly NOAA Remote Sens. 2014, 6(11), 11579-11606; doi:10.3390/rs61111579

IRI statistics: Mason, S.J. and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.

UK climate details see: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/

NMME information:   http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1

CFS2  info

GLOFAS Acknowledgement: Data were provided by the Global Flood Awareness System – GloFAS (http://www.globalfloods.eu/) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Reference: Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.

‘Copernicus Products’  as listed in the C3S or CAMS Service Product Specification or any other items available through an ECMWF Copernicus  http://climate.copernicus.eu

International seasonal monthly data from WMO

Stratospheric Diagnostics from Japan Met Agency and Free University Berlin

Climate data from The Met Office UK and NCEP USA

Review and Experimental Long Range Forecast for SW England. June 2019.

Published 18 June 2019.

GDPR statement: Please note that the author of this blog does not set cookies but the host “wordpress.com” sets multiple cookies which are outside of the authors control. You can view their cookie policy here. 

1. Influences.

Changes in sea temperature.

Due to the recent unsettled and rather cool weather the sea temperature around the UK (and western Mediterranean Sea) is mostly a little below the average along with much of the North Atlantic (40 to 55North).

Tropical Atlantic seems to be warming and is forecast to remain warmer than average – see Met Office graphic below:

In the Pacific weak El-Nino conditions have continued and are expected to persist as indicated by CFSv2 and NMME multi model ensemble forecast (shown below).

The North Atlantic Oscillation index (shown by a 500hPa index in the image below) returned to slightly positive from mid April after the first negative phase period for some time but shortly after went and remained negative. For the summer period this translates to a colder/wetter phase for the UK.

NAO background information see the Met Office NAO information.

Recent Climatology

In the SW of England, June  has been wetter, colder and cloudier than average. Main station SYNOP data to the middle of June showed the average temperature anomaly to be around minus 1 C with rainfall between 20 and 50% above average and sunshine only a third of average. This represents a significant change from overall warmer and drier weather of the last six months. Seasonal models historically have been poor at picking out a change to colder types.

Winter and Spring temperatures have been above normal and rainfall mostly normal or below across SW England.

River flows were showing below normal values in the east of the SW Region although groundwater seems near normal in the May report. The wet weather in June is likely to lifted river levels somewhat.

Full details can be found in the  May 2019 Hydrological summary PDF 

The reservoir levels in the SW of England (16th June) show 80% storage which is slightly below the normal June level, but recovering.

The June experimental product from the Global Flood Awareness System (Version 2) was not available on the 18th.

Atmosphere predictions.

A:  1: Stratosphere 

Remains in summer mode as shown by the ECMWF 50hPa chart for 17th June 1200UTC.

A 2: Upper Troposphere

CFSv2 200hPa monthly mean forecast height (contours) and anomaly (lower row) for the period July to November 2019 based on 7th June data, show mostly above normal heights but perhaps imply a slightly enhanced jet in mid Atlantic during October and more especially in November though perhaps to west of Uk.

B: Lower Troposphere:

July to September 2019 solution in low resolution from WMO . JAS and individual months. Top row temperature anomaly, mid row precipitation anomaly and lower row PMSL anomaly.

White areas are area where the probabilities of below/normal/above are similar hence there is no overall signal for this period from the WMO super ensemble which includes DWD, CMC, BoM, Moscow, Seoul, CPTEC, UKMO, Washington, Pretoria, Tokyo, ECMWF, Beijing and Toulouse seasonal models.

WMO July to August

UKMO JAS and monthly anomalies

NASA June 2019 to Feb 2020 Temp and Rain anomaly

NMME July to November 2019 top row temperature lower row rain rate anomaly.

NMME December 2019 to Feb 2020 top row temperature lower row rain rate anomaly.

There are several models that suggest colder and wetter summer but not the majority.

A summary from all the models for July to September looks roughly:
Temperature: 50% above normal, 31% normal 19% below normal.
Rainfall:  50% above normal, 28% normal, 22% below normal.

Additional model graphics can be seen at the seasonal forecast summary

C: Recent results for the Spring (March to May 2019):

Most models forecast above normal temperatures but NCEP, CANSIPs and JMA captured the trend for a less mild May.
Precipitation: Good indication that March could be wetter and some idea that the season could be wetter in places but was incorrect about the south/SW. Signal for below normal in places was correct but as usual exact location was not predicted well.

Comparison graphics can be seen at the verification page for Spring 2019

2. Forecast. SW England.

Remainder of Summer 2019  (July August) 

A warmer than average summer for the season is still more likely than not despite a colder two thirds of June.

Overall the balance has shifted towards above normal rainfall for the season.Models remain mixed at which month could be drier or wetter. However some longer dry spells seem likely over the next two months.

Higher temperatures may lead to shorter periods of heavier rain but fewer wet days which has been a pattern in recent years.

Summer climate: 1981 to 2010 average daily mean temperature 14 or 15°C in many areas to 16 or 17°C in main urban areas also locally east of the moors and more widely in Somerset. Maximum temperatures average 19 to over 21°C in similar areas. July often warmer than August. Average 1981 to 2010 rain in July typically 60 to 80mm, but 40 to 60mm in places especially East of the moors and in Somerset. Locally over 100mm across the moors. August slightly small areas with the lower rain totals due to July often being drier than August..

Autumn 2019  (September October November) limited data. 

A warmer September, then milder than normal each month and for the season.  Still looks likely that the Autumn could start drier in September then end with a wetter November, hence overall average or below average rain for the season.

Autumn climate: 1981 to 2010 average mean temperature 11 or 12°C but nearer 10°C in rural areas. Maximum temperatures average 14 to 16°C. November normally colder than October which is colder than September. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300 to 400mm, 600 to 800mm over the moors but east of the moors and in lowland Somerset more like 200 to 300mm. September often drier than October or November.

Winter 2019  (December January February) minimal data. 

Milder than average throughout. Near or above average rainfall for the season. Below average snowfall more likely than above average.

Winter Climate: 1981-2010 average temperature values for lowland areas 7°C in the West and 5°C in the East. Rainfall; Dec and Jan typically wetter than February. 1981-2010 Autumn average 300-400 mm lowlands but 200-300 mm areas to E of Dartmoor. Snow climatology less than 5 days lying snow over lowland areas 5 to 10 hills, say hills around 200 metre elevation – one in three years have no lying snow.

3. Caution.

Experimental Long Range Forecasts do not have a good success rate. The data used for the above forecast summary can be seen at  here.

The attempt at a Regional Forecast for SW England aims to test whether such a forecast of temperature and rainfall variation from average can be made using numerical model data available on the internet. The forecast should not be used for any other purpose. A brief verification summary for the UK and Eire is routinely published at http://www.weather-info.co.uk/wxsvc/Verification.html or Click here for the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary

4. References.

SST anomaly NOAA Remote Sens. 2014, 6(11), 11579-11606; doi:10.3390/rs61111579

IRI statistics: Mason, S.J. and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.

UK climate details see: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/

NMME information:   http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1

CFS2  info

GLOFAS Acknowledgement: Data were provided by the Global Flood Awareness System – GloFAS (http://www.globalfloods.eu/) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Reference: Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.

‘Copernicus Products’  as listed in the C3S or CAMS Service Product Specification or any other items available through an ECMWF Copernicus  http://climate.copernicus.eu

International seasonal monthly data from WMO

Stratospheric Diagnostics from Japan Met Agency and Free University Berlin

Climate data from The Met Office UK and NCEP USA

Review and Experimental Long Range Forecast for SW England. May 2019.

Published 21 May 2019.

GDPR statement: Please note that the author of this blog does not set cookies but the host “wordpress.com” sets multiple cookies which are outside of the authors control. You can view their cookie policy here. 

1. Influences.

Changes in sea temperature.

Despite sea temperatures around the UK being above average.,much of the northern Atlantic is somewhat below average as is parts of the Mediterranean.

UKMO tropical N Atlantic forecast sea temperature

The forecast Atlantic tropical sea temperature (shown above) continues to suggest a warming trend although this has been reluctant to occur.

In the Pacific weak El-Nino conditions continue, see CFS2 and NMME multi model ensemble forecast below. Current forecasts are mostly slightly less warm, a more marginal El-Nino.

The North Atlantic Oscillation index (shown by a 500hPa index in the image below) continued a negative phase which in summer would suggest colder / wetter condition for the UK. There is roughly a balance of models suggesting wetter verses drier but the majority suggest warmer.

NAO background information see the Met Office NAO information.

Recent Climatology

In the SW of England, main station SYNOP data to May 1800 20th shows the average temperature anomaly to be around -1 C with below average rain and near average sunshine hours.

Winter and Spring temperature until recently though have been above normal and rainfall for the last 12 months mostly normal or below.

River flows are again showing below normal values in the east of the SW Region although groundwater seems near normal in the April report.

Full details can be found in the  April 2019 Hydrological summary PDF 

The reservoir levels in the SW of England (12th May) show 86% storage which is slightly below the normal May level.

The experimental product from the Global Flood Awareness System (Version 2) based on early May ECMWF seasonal forecast for May to August 2019. The system does not suggest an enhanced flood risk for SW England.

Atmosphere predictions.

A:  1: Stratosphere 

The stratospheric has reverted to “summer” mode as shown by the ECMWF 30 and 10hPa images below for 1200UTC on the 18th..

A 2: Upper Troposphere

CFSv2 200hPa monthly mean forecast height (contours) and anomaly (lower row).

Generally above normal heights are forecast by CFS2 system for the summer months.

 

B: Lower Troposphere:

June to August 2019 solutions in low resolution from WMO . JJA and individual months. Top row temperature anomaly and lower row precipitation anomaly. Above normal orange/reds below normal in blue shades.

WMO multi model ensemble probabilities JJA

UKMO ensemble probabilities JJA

ECMWF JJA probabilities

NMME JJA 

CFS2 JJA (E3 data)

For the summer; Data from Australia BoM, Brazil, South Africa and Russia suggest below normal summer temperatures but the vast majority of solutions suggest above normal values for the season and each month. Rainfall solutions are more evenly balanced between the wetter and drier solutions.

For the Autumn.

Autumn NMME data

Autumn CFS2 E3 data

C: Recent results for the period February March and April:

Continuing on from recent reviews temperature forecast were fairly good but rainfall forecast were generally poor. Verification page for February to April 2019

2. Forecast. SW England.

Summer 2019  (June July August) 

A better than average summer is more likely than a less good summer.

A warmer than average summer for the season is likely and probably each month is likely to be above normal too.

Models are mixed at which month could be drier or wetter. Howver some longer dry spells seem likely. Overall near normal rainfall seems likely but uncertain as to whether it is the number of dry days or the rain total that will be lower/higher. Higher temperatures may lead to shorter periods of heavier rain but fewer wet days which has been a pattern in recent years.

Summer climate: 1981 to 2010 average daily mean temperature 14 or 15°C in many areas to 16 or 17°C in main urban areas also locally east of the moors and more widely in Somerset. Maximum temperatures average 19 to over 21°C in similar areas. July often warmer than August. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300mm over the moors, typically 200 to 250mm in many coastal and eastern areas. June often drier than July and July drier than August.

Autumn 2019  (September October November) limited data. 

A warmer September then milder than normal, monthly and for the season.  Still looks likely that the Autumn could start drier in September then end with a wetter November, hence overall average rain for the season is possible.

Autumn climate: 1981 to 2010 average mean temperature 11 or 12°C but nearer 10°C in rural areas. Maximum temperatures average 14 to 16°C. November normally colder than October which is colder than September. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300 to 400mm, 600 to 800mm over the moors but east of the moors and in lowland Somerset more like 200 to 300mm. September often drier than October or November.

Winter 2019  (December January February) minimal data. 

Milder than average throughout. Wetter start to winter then ending below average in February. Below average snowfall.

Winter Climate: 1981-2010 average temperature values for lowland areas 7°C in the West and 5°C in the East. Rainfall; Dec and Jan typically wetter than February. 1981-2010 Autumn average 300-400 mm lowlands but 200-300 mm areas to E of Dartmoor. Snow climatology less than 5 days lying snow over lowland areas 5 to 10 hills, say hills around 200 metre elevation – one in three years have no lying snow.

3. Caution.

Experimental Long Range Forecasts do not have a good success rate. The data used for the above forecast summary can be seen at  here.

The attempt at a Regional Forecast for SW England aims to test whether such a forecast of temperature and rainfall variation from average can be made using numerical model data available on the internet. The forecast should not be used for any other purpose. A brief verification summary for the UK and Eire is routinely published at http://www.weather-info.co.uk/wxsvc/Verification.html or Click here for the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary

4. References.

SST anomaly NOAA Remote Sens. 2014, 6(11), 11579-11606; doi:10.3390/rs61111579

IRI statistics: Mason, S.J. and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.

UK climate details see: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/

NMME information:   http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1

CFS2  info

GLOFAS Acknowledgement: Data were provided by the Global Flood Awareness System – GloFAS (http://www.globalfloods.eu/) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Reference: Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.

‘Copernicus Products’  as listed in the C3S or CAMS Service Product Specification or any other items available through an ECMWF Copernicus  http://climate.copernicus.eu

International seasonal monthly data from WMO

Stratospheric Diagnostics from Japan Met Agency and Free University Berlin

Climate data from The Met Office UK and NCEP USA

Review and Experimental Long Range Forecast for SW England. April 2019.

Published 21 April 2019.

GDPR statement: Please note that the author of this blog does not set cookies but the host “wordpress.com” sets multiple cookies which are outside of the authors control. You can view their cookie policy here. 

1. Influences.

Changes in sea temperature.

The sea temperature around the UK and across much of the North Atlantic is similar to last month being fairly close to the seasonal normal or a shade warmer/cooler in places.

The Met Office diagnostic for the tropical Atlantic (shown below) was near normal with a trend to above normal values in the majority of the ensemble solutions.

In the Pacific weak El-Nino conditions have continued, see CFS2 and  multi model ensemble forecast below but current forecasts are mostly slightly less warm.

The North Atlantic Oscillation index (shown by a 500hPa index in the image below) returned to slightly positive (warmer wetter phase for UK) from mid April after the first negative phase period for some time.

NAO background information see the Met Office NAO information.

Recent Climatology

In the SW of England, main station SYNOP data to April 1800 20th shows the average temperature anomaly to be around +0.7 C, but zero in the east. Rainfall between 60 and 90% of average with about 55% of normal sunshine hours.

The mean temperature over the last six months has been above average except for January (which was near average). February was exceptionally mild and followed on from a warmer than average summer 2018.

Rainfall was above average in SW England during March (mainly until 17th). For the six month period October to March south parts were slightly above average but northern parts remained below the long term 1981-2010 average.

The recent wetter periods helped river flow recover from the lows in January but river flows were reported as slightly below average. Ground water in the east of the region remains normal but eastern parts of the UK have less good water resource levels.

Full details can be found in the  March 2019 Hydrological summary PDF 

The reservoir levels in the SW of England (14th April) show 88% storage which is slightly below the normal April level.

The experimental product from the Global Flood Awareness System (Version 2) based on early April ECMWF seasonal forecast for April to July 2019. The system does not suggest an enhanced flood risk for SW England.

Atmosphere predictions.

A:  1: Stratosphere 

The stratospheric polar vortex re-established and became unusually strong. Much colder than normal temperatures were recorded, especially at 10 and 30hPa.

Temperatures have recovered and it looks like the polar vortex will transition to “summer” mode by early or mid May as seen by the ECMWF forecast (dated 18th April) and shown below.

A 2: Upper Troposphere

CFSv2 200hPa monthly mean forecast height (contours) and anomaly (lower row).

Some indication of more troughing just west of the UK but overall weaker than normal jet flow may be lead to more blocked patterns. Uncertain location of higher pressure which may be further east for periods.

B: Lower Troposphere:

Selection of May to July 2019 solutions in low resolution from WMO (not all data available at date of issue) . Top row temperature anomaly and lower row precipitation anomaly. Above normal orange/reds below normal in blue shades.

Three month average anomalies sourced from WMO up to 20 April 2019

Above normal temperatures are indicated but data from Australia and Russia are the exception with a below normal temperature forecast. Rainfall patterns less clear cut with the cooler wetter output (2) slightly outnumbered by the near normal/uncertain (6) and drier solutions (3).

CFS2 (E3 data) 1st April for May to August

CFS2 (E3 data) 124th April May to August

Although temperature forecasts from CFS2 (E3 data) show consistent positive anomalies the rainfall anomalies are in less good agreement between model runs.

NMME data 9th April for May to August

C: Recent results for the period January February March:

Temperature mostly fair indication (scale no indication poor fair good). Signal for the milder February was confused by the colder indication due to a sudden stratospheric warming which although blocked patterns developed the flow remained mild rather than colder easterly.

Rainfall was fair at best and many models were poor. Month to month forecasts were poor. Pressure was slightly above average so at best only a partial signal. Better models seemed to be NMME and Japan.

2. Forecast. SW England.

Remainder of Spring 2019  ( May) 

Milder/warmer than average temperature is forecast by most models May in the SW of England.

Rainfall forecasts suggest than May could be drier than average (few models suggest wetter).

Spring climate: 1981-2010 average mean temperature 9 or 10°C but a few degrees cooler over the moors. Roughly  May 11 or 12°C. Average spring 1981 to 2010 rain 200 to 300mm lowest values in E Devon and over parts of Somerset. May roughly 80-150mm over the moors, 60-80mm elsewhere but 40-60mm locally to the East of Dartmoor and over large parts of Somerset and Dorset.

Summer 2019  (June July August) 

A better than average summer is more likely than a less good summer.

Warmer than average summer although temperatures in August may be closer to normal.

Models are mixed at which month could be drier or wetter. Overall near normal rainfall seems likely but uncertain as to whether it is the number of dry days or the rain total that will be lower/higher. Higher temperatures may lead to shorter periods of heavier rain but fewer wet days which has been a pattern in recent years. Indications of some linger dry spells.

Summer climate: 1981 to 2010 average daily mean temperature 14 or 15°C in many areas to 16 or 17°C in main urban areas also locally east of the moors and more widely in Somerset. Maximum temperatures average 19 to over 21°C in similar areas. July often warmer than August. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300mm over the moors, typically 200 to 250mm in many coastal and eastern areas. June often drier than July and July drier than August.

Autumn 2019  (September October November) limited data. 

Warmer September then milder than normal, monthly and for the season.  Could start drier in September then  end with a wetter November hence overall average rain for the season.

Autumn climate: 1981 to 2010 average mean temperature 11 or 12°C but nearer 10°C in rural areas. Maximum temperatures average 14 to 16°C. November normally colder than October which is colder than September. Average 1981 to 2010 rain 300 to 400mm, 600 to 800mm over the moors but east of the moors and in lowland Somerset more like 200 to 300mm. September often drier than October or November.

Winter 2019  (December January February) minimal data. 

Milder than average throughout. Wetter start to winter then ending below average. Below average snowfall.

Winter Climate: 1981-2010 average temperature values for lowland areas 7°C in the West and 5°C in the East. Rainfall; Dec and Jan typically wetter than February. 1981-2010 Autumn average 300-400 mm lowlands but 200-300 mm areas to E of Dartmoor. Snow climatology less than 5 days lying snow over lowland areas 5 to 10 hills, say hills around 200 metre elevation – one in three years have no lying snow.

3. Caution.

Experimental Long Range Forecasts do not have a good success rate. The data used for the above forecast summary can be seen at  here.

The attempt at a Regional Forecast for SW England aims to test whether such a forecast of temperature and rainfall variation from average can be made using numerical model data available on the internet. The forecast should not be used for any other purpose. A brief verification summary for the UK and Eire is routinely published at http://www.weather-info.co.uk/wxsvc/Verification.html or Click here for the Teignmouth and Dawlish summary

4. References.

SST anomaly NOAA Remote Sens. 2014, 6(11), 11579-11606; doi:10.3390/rs61111579

IRI statistics: Mason, S.J. and L. Goddard, 2001: Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 619-638.

UK climate details see: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/

NMME information:   http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1

CFS2  info

GLOFAS Acknowledgement: Data were provided by the Global Flood Awareness System – GloFAS (http://www.globalfloods.eu/) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Reference: Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.

‘Copernicus Products’  as listed in the C3S or CAMS Service Product Specification or any other items available through an ECMWF Copernicus  http://climate.copernicus.eu

International seasonal monthly data from WMO

Stratospheric Diagnostics from Japan Met Agency and Free University Berlin

Climate data from The Met Office UK and NCEP USA